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Barth was born in Basel, the son of Fritz Barth, a professor of New Testament and early church history at Bern, and Anna Sartorius. He studied at the universities of Bern, Berlin, Tübingen, and Marburg. At Berlin he attended the liberal theologian Adolf von Harnack's seminar, and at Marburg he came under the influence of Wilhelm Herrmann and became deeply interested in the thought of the early 19th-century German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher and in the nature of scientific method. After serving a curacy in Geneva from 1909 to 1911, he was appointed to the working-class parish of Safenwil, in Aargau canton. In 1913 he married Nelly Hoffman, a talented violinist; they had one daughter and four sons.

The 10 years Barth spent at Safenwil as a minister of the Gospel were the formative period of his life. Deeply shocked by the disaster that had overtaken Europe in World War I and disillusioned by the collapse of the ethic of religious idealism, he questioned the liberal theology of his German teachers and its roots in the rationalist, historicist, and dualist thought that stemmed from the Enlightenment. Through study of the teaching of St. Paul in the Epistle to the Romans, he struggled to clarify the relation between justification and social righteousness, which governed all he had to say in later life about the relation of the Gospel to the power of the state and the oppression of the poor. Particularly important during this period were his visits to Bad Boll, where he met the Moravian preacher Christoph Blumhardt and gained an overwhelming conviction about the victorious reality of Christ's resurrection, which ever afterward constituted for him both the starting point and the bedrock of his theology. His understanding of divine revelation was radically changed with the realization that the risen Christ meets and speaks to people in the Biblical revelation, for God himself incarnate in Jesus Christ is the content of his revelation. This resulted in a transformation of his interpretation and exposition of the Scriptures. Out of this experience came a series of passionate addresses, sermons, and popular expositions of the faith, in which he called for a return to the message of the Bible and to the theology of the Reformation. Some of these were later collected under the title Das Wort Gottes und die Theologie (1924; The Word of God and the Word of Man). --Encyclopedia Britannica